17th century

The century spanning 1601 through 1700 in the Gregorian calendar, marked by expanding global trade, scientific change, and political and religious conflict.

Thirty Years' War: A series of conflicts fought in Central Europe from 1618 to 1648, ending with the Peace of Westphalia. Its devastation and settlement defined the century’s central European conflicts.
Louis XIV: King of France from 1643 to 1715, associated with royal centralization and the court at Versailles. His long reign shaped French power and European diplomacy during the century.
Scientific Revolution: A period of major transformations in European natural philosophy, astronomy, and methods of inquiry, chiefly from the 16th to 17th centuries. It names the broad intellectual shift associated with figures such as Galileo and Newton.
Atlantic slave trade: The forced transport of millions of Africans across the Atlantic for enslavement in the Americas, beginning in the 16th century. Its scale and plantation demand grew during the century, with lasting human costs.
16th century: The century spanning 1501 through 1600 in the Gregorian calendar. It preceded the 17th century’s major conflicts and intellectual changes.
English Civil War: A series of armed conflicts from 1642 to 1651 between supporters of the English monarchy and Parliament. The conflict culminated in the execution of Charles I and a republican government.
Oliver Cromwell: English military and political leader who ruled as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth from 1653 to 1658. His rule followed the civil wars and execution of Charles I.
Scientific method: A systematic approach to investigating questions through observation, testing, and reasoned analysis. Experimental and mathematical practices gained influence during the century.
Dutch East India Company: A Dutch chartered company founded in 1602 to conduct trade and wield state-backed power in Asia. It exemplifies the century’s corporate empire and expanding Asian commerce.
18th century: The century spanning 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. It followed the period and saw Enlightenment ideas and revolutions develop further.

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