2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh

Azerbaijan’s September 2023 military operation in Nagorno-Karabakh ended the self-proclaimed republic’s control and prompted the flight of most of the region’s ethnic Armenian population.

Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh: Azerbaijan’s restriction of movement and supplies along the Lachin Corridor, which connected Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia. Severe shortages preceded the offensive and weakened the enclave’s ability to withstand it.
2023 Nagorno-Karabakh exodus: The flight of more than 100,000 ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia after Azerbaijan’s September 2023 offensive. The offensive triggered the region’s mass displacement within days.
Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: The 2020 war between Azerbaijan and Armenia and Armenian forces over Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding territories. Its ceasefire left Azerbaijan with military advantage and Russian peacekeepers in the region.
Ilham Aliyev: The president of Azerbaijan since 2003 and commander-in-chief of its armed forces. He announced the operation’s end and presented Azerbaijan’s restored control as a state objective achieved.
Lachin Corridor: The mountain road linking Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia through territory controlled by Azerbaijan. Its closure disrupted supplies and shaped the conditions before the assault.
Republic of Artsakh: The self-proclaimed republic established by ethnic Armenian authorities in Nagorno-Karabakh, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Its authorities agreed to dissolve after losing control of the territory.
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement: The November 2020 agreement that ended the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and established a Russian peacekeeping deployment. Its arrangements governed the enclave’s security until the 2023 offensive.
Nikol Pashinyan: The prime minister of Armenia since 2018. His government faced the refugee influx and domestic criticism over Armenia’s response.
Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement: The September 20, 2023 agreement that halted fighting and required Armenian forces in Nagorno-Karabakh to disarm. Its terms ended organized resistance and initiated negotiations over the authorities’ dissolution.
Armenia–Azerbaijan peace process: Diplomatic efforts to settle the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan and establish relations between the states. The offensive reshaped negotiations by changing control on the ground and intensifying disputes over rights and security.

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