Abdul Hamid II

Abdul Hamid II was Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909. He suspended the constitution, governed through centralized autocracy, and later restored constitutional government under pressure from the Young Turk Revolution.

Hamidian regime: The centralized system of palace rule, surveillance, patronage, and provincial administration developed under Abdul Hamid II. It describes the institutions through which he consolidated personal authority.
Ottoman constitutional era: The periods of constitutional government in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1876 and resuming in 1908. His reign began the first constitutional period and ended with its restoration.
Mehmed V: Ottoman sultan from 1909 to 1918, who succeeded Abdul Hamid II after his deposition. His accession marked the formal end of Abdul Hamid’s reign.
Young Turk Revolution: The 1908 uprising that restored the Ottoman constitution and parliament after decades of suspension. It compelled Abdul Hamid to restore constitutional government and set up his eventual deposition.
Young Turk liberalism: A current within the Young Turk movement that favored decentralization, civil rights, and a more inclusive imperial order. Its decentralizing program challenged the centralization associated with Abdul Hamid’s rule.
Hamidian massacres: Mass killings of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, especially in 1894–1896, during Abdul Hamid II’s reign. They expose the violence accompanying his government’s response to Armenian reform demands.
Midhat Pasha: An Ottoman statesman who helped draft the 1876 constitution and was a leading advocate of constitutional government. He helped secure the constitution that Abdul Hamid proclaimed at his accession.
Enver Pasha: An Ottoman military officer and political leader who became a leading figure in the Committee of Union and Progress. He rose within the movement that forced Abdul Hamid’s restoration of the constitution.
Committee of Union and Progress: An Ottoman political organization that restored constitutional rule in 1908 and dominated imperial politics thereafter. Its leaders first constrained the sultan and then helped remove him.
Second Constitutional Era: The period of Ottoman parliamentary government beginning with the restoration of the 1876 constitution in 1908. It replaced his suspended parliament with renewed constitutional politics.

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