Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922, ending the dynasty’s political sovereignty while leaving the caliphate temporarily separate.

Turkish War of Independence: A conflict from 1919 to 1923 in which Turkish nationalists resisted partition and foreign occupation after the Ottoman defeat. Its nationalist movement created the political authority that challenged the sultan’s government.
1 November 1922 abolition resolution: The Grand National Assembly resolution declaring that the sultanate had ended and that sovereignty belonged to the Turkish nation. Its wording and passage turned the political break into an enacted decision.
Lausanne Conference: The international negotiations held from 1922 to 1923 that produced a settlement recognizing the new Turkish state. Ending the sultanate let the Ankara government claim sole representation at the peace talks.
Ottoman Empire: A dynastic empire that ruled territories across southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa from the late thirteenth century to 1922. Abolition ended its sultanate, not every institution or consequence of the empire at once.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: The Turkish military and political leader who headed the nationalist movement and became the republic’s first president. He led the movement whose assembly voted to end the sultanate.
Occupation of Constantinople: The Allied military occupation of Constantinople, beginning in 1918 and formalized in 1920. The occupation exposed the sultan’s government to nationalist charges of dependence on the Allies.
Turkish sovereignty: The principle that supreme political authority in Turkey belongs to the nation rather than a monarch or foreign power. The assembly grounded abolition in the transfer of sovereignty from the dynasty to the nation.
Treaty of Lausanne: The 1923 treaty that recognized Turkey’s sovereignty and replaced the unimplemented Treaty of Sèvres. It confirmed internationally the nationalist government that had abolished dynastic rule.
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire: The political and territorial breakup of the Ottoman Empire during and after the First World War. The empire’s broader dissolution began before the assembly formally abolished the sultanate.
Refet Bele: A Turkish military officer and nationalist politician who served in the Grand National Assembly during the independence struggle. He was sent to Constantinople after abolition to oversee the transfer of authority.

Linked from 13 pages