Academy

The philosophical school Plato founded in Athens around 387 BCE. It became a lasting center for philosophical teaching and inquiry, and its name later gave rise to the word “academy.”

Plato: An ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens. His teaching and institutional choices shaped the school’s identity.
Platonic dialogue: A philosophical work presented as a conversation, often featuring Socrates. Dialogue was a central literary form through which Platonic thought was explored.
Speusippus: A Greek philosopher who succeeded Plato as head of the Academy. He directed the school after its founder’s death.
Lyceum: The school Aristotle founded in Athens, associated with empirical inquiry and Peripatetic teaching. Aristotle’s institution became the Academy’s most prominent Athenian rival.
Academic skepticism: A skeptical approach developed in the later Academy that questions whether certainty is attainable. This became a distinctive philosophical direction of the school.
Akademeia: A grove and gymnasium near Athens associated with the hero Academus. Plato established his school in this site’s grounds.
Dialectic: A method of inquiry that tests ideas through questions, distinctions, and argument. Dialectical examination suited the school’s pursuit of knowledge.
Xenocrates: A Greek philosopher who led the Academy after Speusippus. His leadership helped carry the school into a new generation.
Stoicism: A Hellenistic philosophy that grounds virtue in reason and living according to nature. Stoics challenged Academic positions on knowledge, ethics, and certainty.
Middle Platonism: A diverse period of Platonist philosophy between the Academy’s early history and Neoplatonism. It carried Platonic thought beyond the Academy’s original institutional life.

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