Aceh

Aceh is a province at the northern tip of Sumatra, Indonesia, bordering the Andaman Sea. Its history, political status, and Islamic legal institutions distinguish it within Indonesia.

Sultanate of Aceh: A powerful Muslim kingdom based in northern Sumatra from the sixteenth to early twentieth centuries. Its rulers made Aceh a major regional power before Dutch conquest.
Special autonomy of Aceh: A legal arrangement granting Aceh distinctive powers within Indonesia, including authority over aspects of local governance and law. It provides the framework for Aceh’s distinctive provincial institutions.
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami: A magnitude 9.1 earthquake off Sumatra that generated a tsunami across the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004. Aceh was among the regions most devastated by the tsunami.
Sumatra: A large island in western Indonesia, home to several provinces and diverse ethnic communities. Aceh occupies Sumatra’s northern end.
Dutch conquest of Aceh: The Dutch colonial campaign to subdue the Sultanate of Aceh, beginning in 1873 and continuing into the early twentieth century. The long war against Dutch rule shaped Acehnese political identity.
Law of Aceh: The body of provincial and national rules governing Aceh, including its special autonomy and Islamic criminal provisions. It sets the legal boundaries of local administration and religious law.
Banda Aceh: The capital and largest city of Indonesia’s Aceh province, located on the northern coast of Sumatra. The city became a center of disaster response and reconstruction after 2004.
Indonesia: A Southeast Asian archipelago and sovereign republic composed of thousands of islands. Aceh is a province within the Indonesian state.
Aceh War: A prolonged conflict between the Dutch colonial state and Acehnese forces, conventionally dated 1873–1904. This conflict marks the most consequential phase of colonial resistance in Aceh.
Qanun: A regional regulation in Aceh, enacted under the province’s special legal authority. Qanun are the instruments through which Aceh legislates many local rules.

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