Acid–base titration

An analytical method for determining an acid or base concentration by adding a measured amount of a standard solution until a defined endpoint is reached.

Equivalence point: The point in a titration where reactants have been added in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts. It is the chemical condition the endpoint is meant to indicate.
Molar concentration: The amount of dissolved substance per unit volume of solution, commonly expressed in moles per liter. The unknown quantity is usually the analyte’s molar concentration.
Acid value: A measure of the free fatty acids in a fat or oil, commonly expressed as the mass of potassium hydroxide needed per gram. It is determined by titrating a measured oil sample with base.
Back titration: A method that adds excess standard reagent to an analyte and measures the unreacted excess with a second titration. It replaces direct endpoint measurement when the analyte reacts slowly or is difficult to titrate directly.
Titration curve: A graph showing how a solution property, often pH, changes as titrant is added. Its shape reveals the reaction’s progress and helps locate the endpoint.
Stoichiometry: The quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction. Reaction coefficients determine how titrant moles relate to analyte moles.
Water hardness: A measure of dissolved multivalent ions, especially calcium and magnesium, in water. Acid–base titration can measure alkalinity, a related water-quality quantity often assessed alongside hardness.
Potentiometric titration: A titration in which electrode potential is measured as titrant is added to locate an endpoint. It detects a change instrumentally instead of relying on an indicator’s visible color.
Acid–base indicator: A substance whose color changes over a pH range as its chemical form changes. A suitable indicator makes the endpoint visible through a color change.
Mole: The SI unit for amount of substance, defined by a fixed number of specified entities. Titration calculations convert measured volumes and concentrations into amounts in moles.

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