Administrative adjudication

Administrative adjudication is a process in which a government agency resolves disputes under authority delegated by statute. It can determine rights, impose obligations, or review compliance with regulatory requirements.

Administrative law judge: A government adjudicator who conducts hearings and issues decisions in administrative proceedings. Administrative law judges often preside over agency hearings and make initial decisions.
Enabling act: A statute that establishes an agency and grants it specific powers and responsibilities. The agency's enabling act defines which disputes it may decide.
Social Security disability adjudication: The process for deciding whether applicants qualify for disability benefits under United States Social Security law. It is a large-scale example of individualized benefit decisions by an agency.
Article III court: A United States federal court whose judges exercise the judicial power established by Article III of the Constitution. Unlike agency adjudicators, Article III judges hold constitutionally protected judicial offices.
Administrative Procedure Act: A United States federal statute setting procedures for agency rulemaking, adjudication, and judicial review. The Act establishes procedural requirements and review mechanisms for many federal adjudications.
Administrative procedure: The rules governing how government agencies make decisions, conduct hearings, and issue regulations. Adjudication is one part of the broader set of procedures governing agency action.
Delegated legislation: Rules made by an executive authority under powers granted by a legislature. Statutes delegate authority that agencies apply and interpret in adjudication.
Immigration court: A tribunal within the United States Department of Justice that decides immigration cases. Immigration proceedings illustrate agency-style adjudication with major consequences for individuals.
Judicial review: The power of courts to assess whether government action complies with law. Courts may review agency adjudications without conducting the original hearing anew.
SEC v. Jarkesy: A 2024 United States Supreme Court decision holding that certain SEC fraud penalties require a jury trial. The decision narrowed the circumstances in which agencies may impose civil penalties through internal proceedings.

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