Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was the German dictator who led the Nazi Party and ruled Germany from 1933 until its defeat in 1945. His regime established a totalitarian state, launched the Second World War in Europe, and carried out the Holocaust.

Nazi seizure of power: The process by which Hitler and the Nazi Party dismantled Germany’s democracy and established dictatorship in 1933–1934. Hitler converted electoral gains and appointment as chancellor into one-party rule.
Early life of Adolf Hitler: Hitler’s life in Austria and Germany before he became a leading political figure. His youth and early adulthood preceded the political identity he formed after 1918.
Joseph Goebbels: A leading Nazi politician who directed the regime’s propaganda ministry from 1933 to 1945. Goebbels shaped the propaganda apparatus that promoted Hitler and Nazi policy.
Benito Mussolini: The Italian Fascist dictator who ruled from 1922 to 1943 and allied Italy with Nazi Germany. Mussolini’s earlier fascist regime influenced Hitler, while their alliance joined distinct dictatorships.
German invasion of Poland: The German attack on Poland on 1 September 1939 that began the Second World War in Europe. Hitler ordered the invasion that prompted Britain and France to declare war.
Enabling Act of 1933: A German law that let Hitler’s cabinet enact legislation without parliamentary approval. It gave Hitler a legal instrument to bypass the Reichstag and consolidate power.
World War I: A global conflict fought from 1914 to 1918, centered on Europe and involving many major powers. Hitler served in the German army, and defeat shaped his political outlook.
Heinrich Himmler: A leading Nazi official who headed the SS and oversaw much of the regime’s police and racial apparatus. Himmler commanded institutions central to repression and the Holocaust.
Francisco Franco: The Spanish military dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975 after victory in the Spanish Civil War. Franco’s authoritarian rule differed from Hitler’s totalitarian project and genocidal war aims.
Generalplan Ost: A Nazi plan for colonizing Eastern Europe through mass displacement, enslavement, and murder. It translated Hitler’s eastern expansionism into plans for racial conquest and demographic destruction.

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