Adsorption isotherm

An adsorption isotherm relates the amount of a substance adsorbed on a surface to its pressure or concentration at constant temperature.

Langmuir adsorption model: A model describing adsorption on equivalent, independent sites, with each site holding at most one adsorbed molecule. Its saturation curve is the classic benchmark for interpreting an adsorption isotherm.
Adsorption: The accumulation of atoms, ions, or molecules at the surface of a material. An isotherm quantifies this surface accumulation at equilibrium.
BET surface area: The specific surface area of a material estimated from gas adsorption using BET theory. A measured isotherm supplies the data used to calculate this material property.
Absorption: The incorporation of a substance into the bulk of another material. Unlike adsorption at an interface, absorption distributes material through a bulk phase.
Freundlich adsorption isotherm: An empirical power-law relation between adsorbed amount and equilibrium concentration or pressure. It captures heterogeneous surfaces over limited ranges without predicting a finite saturation capacity.
Adsorbate: A substance that accumulates on a surface during adsorption. Its measured amount forms one axis of an adsorption isotherm.
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method: A procedure for estimating solid surface area from gas adsorption data using BET theory. It extracts surface area from a selected region of an adsorption isotherm.
Adsorption kinetics: The study of how adsorption rates and uptake change over time. Kinetics describes time-dependent approach to equilibrium; an isotherm describes equilibrium uptake.
BET theory: A model of multilayer adsorption used to estimate the surface area of porous solids. It extends monolayer ideas to multilayer uptake, especially for gas adsorption.
Adsorbent: A solid or liquid whose surface accumulates another substance by adsorption. Its surface properties shape the measured isotherm.

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