Afghanistan–Pakistan border

The international frontier between Afghanistan and Pakistan, administered largely along the Durand Line. Its location and legitimacy remain disputed by successive Afghan governments.

Durand Line: The 1893 boundary agreement between British India and Afghanistan, whose line largely became the Afghanistan–Pakistan frontier. The frontier largely follows this line, established by an agreement Afghanistan disputes.
Torkham: A major border crossing between Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and Afghanistan’s Nangarhar province. It is one of the principal routes for people and goods across the frontier.
Afghan Taliban: An Islamist movement that ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and returned to power in 2021. Its government has rejected Pakistan’s claim that the Durand Line is a settled international border.
Afghanistan–Pakistan relations: The political, economic, and security relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Border claims and cross-border security repeatedly strain relations between the two states.
Mortimer Durand: A British diplomat who negotiated the 1893 boundary agreement with Afghan ruler Abdur Rahman Khan. His negotiations produced the agreement that gave the frontier its name.
Chaman: A Pakistani border city and crossing opposite Spin Boldak in Afghanistan’s Kandahar province. It is the other major crossing on the southern part of the frontier.
Pashtuns: An Iranian-speaking ethnic group concentrated in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with communities on both sides of the frontier. The line divides Pashtun-inhabited regions and has shaped cross-border political identity.
Afghan refugees: People displaced from Afghanistan who have sought refuge in other countries, especially neighboring Pakistan and Iran. The frontier is a major route for displacement and return between the countries.
Abdur Rahman Khan: The emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901, who strengthened the state and negotiated its boundaries with British India. He accepted the 1893 agreement that set the frontier’s course.
Pakistan border barrier: A fence and associated fortifications built by Pakistan along much of its frontier with Afghanistan. The barrier is Pakistan’s main physical infrastructure for controlling movement across the line.

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