African nationalism

African nationalism comprises political movements that sought self-government and national sovereignty in African territories under colonial rule. It took varied forms, from mass protest and political organizing to armed struggle.

Pan-Africanism: A movement promoting solidarity among people of African descent and the political unity of Africa. Pan-African ideas linked African struggles to wider campaigns against racial domination and colonial rule.
Kwame Nkrumah: A Ghanaian nationalist who led the Gold Coast to independence and became Ghana’s first prime minister and president. His campaign made Ghana an influential example for independence movements elsewhere in Africa.
Ghanaian independence: The end of British colonial rule in the Gold Coast and its establishment as Ghana in 1957. Ghana’s independence became an early landmark for African nationalist movements south of the Sahara.
African socialism: A set of political programs that adapted socialist ideas to African societies and postcolonial state-building. Some nationalist leaders adopted it to define economic development after independence.
Ethiopianism: A religious and political movement that used Ethiopia as a symbol of African independence and identity. Ethiopia’s independence gave nationalists a potent model and symbol of African self-rule.
Jomo Kenyatta: A Kenyan nationalist who became the first prime minister and president of independent Kenya. He led Kenya’s transition to independence amid settler conflict and the Mau Mau uprising.
Algerian War: An armed conflict from 1954 to 1962 in which Algerian nationalists fought France for independence. It demonstrates the costs and political force of a prolonged armed independence struggle.
Negritude: A literary and intellectual movement affirming Black identity and African cultural heritage. It advanced cultural affirmation, which could support nationalism without itself being a sovereignty movement.
Atlantic Charter: A 1941 joint declaration by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill outlining principles for the postwar world. Its language of self-determination gave anti-colonial leaders grounds to challenge continued European rule.
Julius Nyerere: A Tanzanian nationalist and political leader who became the first president of independent Tanganyika. His organizing helped unite Tanganyika’s nationalist movement and secure independence through negotiation.

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