Agnosticism

Agnosticism is the view that whether any gods exist is unknown or unknowable. It concerns the limits of knowledge, though agnostics may differ in religious belief.

Atheism: Atheism is the absence of belief in gods or the belief that no gods exist. Agnosticism concerns knowledge; atheism concerns belief, so a person can hold both views.
Epistemology: Epistemology is the philosophical study of knowledge, justification, and rational belief. Agnosticism is an epistemic position about claims concerning gods.
Thomas Henry Huxley: Thomas Henry Huxley was a nineteenth-century English biologist and advocate of evolutionary theory. He coined “agnostic” in 1869 to describe a position about knowledge of ultimate realities.
Agnostic theism: Agnostic theism combines belief in at least one god with the view that divine existence is unknown or unknowable. It shows that agnosticism does not require withholding religious belief.
Problem of divine hiddenness: The problem of divine hiddenness argues that a perfectly loving God would prevent reasonable nonbelief. It asks whether persistent uncertainty about God is evidence against theism.
Theism: Theism is belief in the existence of at least one god. Theism answers the belief question that agnosticism leaves open.
Knowledge: Knowledge is a successful cognitive relation to facts, commonly distinguished from mere belief. Agnosticism turns on whether claims about divine existence can count as knowledge.
Agnosticism (Huxley): Huxley’s agnosticism is the principle that conclusions should not exceed available evidence and knowledge. His formulation grounded the label in disciplined limits on what can be claimed.
Agnostic atheism: Agnostic atheism combines absence of belief in gods with the view that their existence is unknown or unknowable. It pairs agnosticism about knowledge with nonbelief.
Problem of evil: The problem of evil challenges the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, perfectly good God given suffering. It tests whether the available world supports or undermines particular claims about God.

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