Al-Ma'mun

Al-Ma'mun was the seventh Abbasid caliph, ruling from 813 to 833. His reign combined civil war and territorial campaigns with major patronage of scholarship and translation.

Al-Amin: The Abbasid caliph who ruled from 809 to 813 and fought his brother Al-Ma'mun in a civil war. Their succession conflict began Al-Ma'mun's reign and shaped its early years.
Graeco-Arabic translation movement: The translation of Greek scientific and philosophical works into Arabic, especially from the eighth through tenth centuries. Al-Ma'mun's patronage helped sustain this movement, though it extended beyond his reign.
Fourth Fitna: The Abbasid civil war of 811–813 between Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun over the caliphate. Its outcome placed Al-Ma'mun on the throne after years of military conflict.
Al-Mu'tasim: The Abbasid caliph who succeeded his brother Al-Ma'mun and ruled from 833 to 842. He inherited the caliphate and military policies Al-Ma'mun had established.
Al-Khwarizmi: A ninth-century mathematician and astronomer associated with the Abbasid scholarly milieu in Baghdad. His mathematical work exemplifies the scholarship fostered during Al-Ma'mun's era.
House of Wisdom: A Baghdad institution associated with Abbasid scholarship, book collecting, and translation. Later accounts connect Al-Ma'mun's court to this institution's scholarly activity.
Harun al-Rashid: The fifth Abbasid caliph, who ruled from 786 to 809 and was Al-Ma'mun's father. His succession arrangements divided authority between Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun.
Createdness of the Quran: The theological doctrine that the Quran was created by God rather than eternal and uncreated. Al-Ma'mun made this doctrine the test at the center of the Mihna.
Hunayn ibn Ishaq: A ninth-century physician and translator who rendered Greek medical and philosophical works into Syriac and Arabic. His translation career developed within the intellectual world Al-Ma'mun patronized.
Bayt al-Hikma: The Arabic name commonly rendered as House of Wisdom, whose historical scope and institutional role remain debated. It cautions against treating Al-Ma'mun's scholarly patronage as a single, fully documented academy.

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