Alexandria

Alexandria is a Mediterranean port city in northern Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE. Under the Ptolemies, it became a major center of Hellenistic scholarship and trade.

Alexander the Great: Alexander III of Macedon created an empire stretching from Greece to Egypt and western Asia. He founded Alexandria during his conquest of Egypt in 331 BCE.
Library of Alexandria: An ancient royal library in Alexandria that gathered texts and supported scholarship under the Ptolemies. It became the city's most famous institution for collecting and studying texts.
Euclid: An ancient Greek mathematician whose Elements organized geometry into an influential axiomatic system. Ancient tradition places his mathematical teaching in Ptolemaic Alexandria.
Serapeum of Alexandria: A major temple complex in Alexandria dedicated to the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis. Its history reflects the city's blending of Greek and Egyptian religious traditions.
Septuagint: An ancient Greek translation of Jewish scriptures, begun in Hellenistic Egypt. Its creation reflects the city's Greek-speaking Jewish community and scholarly culture.
Ptolemaic Kingdom: A Hellenistic kingdom ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from 305 to 30 BCE. The Ptolemies made Alexandria their capital and sponsored its institutions.
Mouseion of Alexandria: A royal research and teaching institution in ancient Alexandria, associated with the Muses. Its resident scholars made learning part of the Ptolemaic court.
Eratosthenes: A Greek scholar who estimated Earth's circumference and directed the Library of Alexandria. His work joined the city's library, geography, and mathematical inquiry.
Lighthouse of Alexandria: The ancient lighthouse on Pharos, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Its fame made Alexandria recognizable across the ancient Mediterranean.
Koine Greek: The common variety of Greek that spread across the eastern Mediterranean after Alexander's conquests. Alexandria helped sustain Greek as a language of learning and administration in Egypt.

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