Ali Hassan al-Majid

Ali Hassan al-Majid was an Iraqi Ba'ath Party official and military officer, known as Chemical Ali for his role in chemical attacks against Kurds. He was executed in 2010 after convictions for crimes against humanity and genocide.

Al-Anfal campaign: A 1987–1988 Iraqi military campaign against Kurdish areas that involved mass killings, forced displacement, and chemical attacks. Al-Majid directed the campaign that became the central basis for his genocide conviction.
Ba'athist Iraq: The Iraqi state governed by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until the 2003 invasion. Al-Majid's power and military roles came from this regime's party-state hierarchy.
Saddam Hussein: Iraqi president and Ba'ath Party leader who ruled Iraq from 1979 until his overthrow in 2003. Al-Majid was Saddam Hussein's cousin and a powerful official in his government.
Genocide Convention: The 1948 United Nations treaty requiring states to prevent and punish genocide. The genocide charge against al-Majid applied the treaty's crime to Iraqi state actions.
Halabja chemical attack: A 1988 Iraqi chemical attack on the Kurdish city of Halabja that killed thousands of civilians. The attack became the best-known example of chemical warfare under the Iraqi regime he served.
Iraqi Republican Guard: An elite military force tasked with protecting Iraq's government and leadership under Saddam Hussein. Its forces operated within the security apparatus that carried out regime campaigns.
Ali al-Tikriti: An Iraqi Ba'ath Party official and military commander known as Chemical Ali for his role in repression of Kurdish communities. This alternate name identifies the same person, emphasizing his family origin in Tikrit.
Iraqi Special Tribunal: The original name of the Iraqi court later renamed the Iraqi High Tribunal, created to prosecute former regime officials. Its renaming reflects the institution that conducted al-Majid's trials.
Anfal genocide: The destruction of Kurdish communities in northern Iraq during the Anfal campaign, recognized by courts and several governments as genocide. An Iraqi court convicted al-Majid of genocide for his role in this campaign.
Chemical warfare: The use of toxic chemicals as weapons to injure or kill people, contaminate areas, or deny terrain. Chemical weapons were used in operations associated with al-Majid's command in northern Iraq.

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