Alphabet

An alphabet is a writing system whose basic signs represent consonant and vowel sounds. Its letters combine to represent the words of a language.

Grapheme: A grapheme is a minimal written unit that distinguishes meaning or represents a sound in a writing system. Alphabetic letters are graphemes, though a sound may require more than one letter.
Abjad: An abjad is a writing system whose principal letters represent consonants, with vowels usually omitted or marked secondarily. Unlike a full alphabet, it does not ordinarily give vowels equal status as basic signs.
Proto-Sinaitic script: Proto-Sinaitic is an early alphabetic script attested in inscriptions from the Sinai Peninsula and Egypt. It is among the earliest known sources of alphabetic writing.
English orthography: English orthography is the conventional system for spelling English with letters and related marks. English demonstrates how alphabetic spelling can preserve historical forms despite changing pronunciation.
Literacy: Literacy is the ability to read and write in a particular language or system of communication. Learning an alphabet can provide a route into reading and writing, though literacy also requires instruction and practice.
Phoneme: A phoneme is a speech sound that can distinguish one word from another in a language. Alphabetic signs represent phonemes, though spelling does not always match pronunciation one-to-one.
Abugida: An abugida is a writing system in which consonant signs carry an inherent vowel modified by diacritics or other changes. Its consonant-centered signs encode vowels differently from alphabetic letters.
Phoenician alphabet: The Phoenician alphabet was a consonant-writing script used by Phoenician communities around the Mediterranean. Its signs and ordering shaped several later alphabetic traditions.
Cyrillic script: Cyrillic is an alphabetic script used for Russian and several other languages, with forms adapted to each language. It is a major alphabetic tradition distinct from the Latin script.
Phonics: Phonics is an approach to reading instruction that teaches relationships between written letters and speech sounds. It teaches learners how alphabetic signs can be decoded into spoken words.

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