American journalism

American journalism is the practice and institutional system of gathering, verifying, interpreting, and publishing news in the United States. It includes newspapers, broadcasters, digital outlets, and independent journalists.

News gathering: The process of finding and collecting information for news reports. Reporting begins with sources, documents, observation, and other evidence gathered for publication.
Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick: A Boston newspaper published once in 1690 and suppressed by colonial authorities. Its brief appearance marks an early attempt at newspaper publishing in English America.
Ida B. Wells: An American journalist and activist who documented lynching and challenged racial violence. Her investigative anti-lynching work shows how American journalism confronted organized injustice.
Watergate scandal: A political scandal that led to President Richard Nixon's resignation in 1974. Washington Post reporting helped expose the scandal and made investigative journalism a national force.
Public broadcasting: Radio and television services funded chiefly through public, nonprofit, or listener support. Its funding model contrasts with the commercial pressures shaping much U.S. news.
Fact-checking: The practice of checking claims against reliable evidence before or after publication. Verification helps newsrooms distinguish supported claims from errors and misinformation.
Penny press: Low-priced nineteenth-century newspapers aimed at a broad urban readership. The penny press expanded circulation and helped establish a mass-market American newspaper model.
Nellie Bly: The pen name of journalist Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman, known for investigative and stunt reporting. Her asylum investigation demonstrated the power and risks of undercover reporting.
Pentagon Papers: A classified U.S. government study of decision-making in the Vietnam War, leaked and published in 1971. Their publication tested press freedom against government claims of national security.
Alternative media: Media outlets and practices that operate outside dominant commercial or institutional channels. These outlets challenge established news organizations' choices, access, and assumptions.

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