Aminoglycoside

Aminoglycosides are antibiotics that bind the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, impairing translation accuracy and often causing bacterial cell death.

30S ribosomal subunit: The small subunit of bacterial ribosomes, where messenger RNA is decoded during protein synthesis. Aminoglycosides bind this subunit and alter how it reads messenger RNA.
Gentamicin: An aminoglycoside antibiotic used chiefly for serious infections caused by susceptible aerobic bacteria. It is a common representative of systemic aminoglycoside treatment.
Tetracycline: A class of antibiotics that binds the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and blocks aminoacyl-tRNA access. Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis without the characteristic aminoglycoside-induced mistranslation.
Ototoxicity: Damage to the inner ear that can impair hearing or balance. Aminoglycosides can accumulate in inner-ear tissues and cause potentially irreversible damage.
Ribosomal proofreading: The process by which a ribosome favors correctly matched transfer RNA during protein synthesis. Aminoglycosides weaken this selection, increasing mistranslated proteins.
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside antibiotic used especially against susceptible Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Its inhaled formulation is used to suppress chronic airway infection in cystic fibrosis.
Macrolide: A class of antibiotics that binds the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibits protein synthesis. Macrolides target the other major ribosomal subunit and have different resistance patterns.
Nephrotoxicity: Kidney injury caused by exposure to a toxic substance or medication. Renal accumulation can injure proximal tubule cells during aminoglycoside treatment.
Translation (biology): The cellular process that uses ribosomes to synthesize proteins from messenger RNA. Aminoglycosides disrupt translation by distorting decoding at the ribosome.
Amikacin: A semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that retains activity against some bacteria resistant to older drugs. Its resistance to many modifying enzymes makes it useful for selected resistant infections.

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