Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a rapid, potentially life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can affect multiple organ systems. It can impair breathing or circulation and requires prompt treatment.

Mast cell: A tissue immune cell that releases inflammatory mediators during allergic reactions. Mast cells release histamine and other mediators during many anaphylactic reactions.
Epinephrine: A hormone and medication that stimulates alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Intramuscular epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.
Food allergy: An immune reaction to proteins in food that can cause symptoms after exposure. Foods are frequent anaphylaxis triggers, including in children.
Anaphylactic shock: Anaphylaxis complicated by severe circulatory failure and inadequate tissue perfusion. Shock is a dangerous possible complication, not a synonym for every anaphylactic reaction.
Immunoglobulin E: An antibody class involved in allergic responses and defense against some parasites. Allergen-specific IgE can trigger mast-cell activation in common anaphylaxis pathways.
Epinephrine autoinjector: A spring-loaded device that delivers a premeasured intramuscular dose of epinephrine. It enables prompt epinephrine treatment outside medical settings.
Drug allergy: An immune-mediated adverse reaction to a medication. Medications, including some antibiotics, can trigger anaphylaxis.
Vasovagal syncope: A transient loss of consciousness caused by a reflex drop in heart rate or blood pressure. Fainting can resemble circulatory anaphylaxis but usually lacks its multisystem allergic pattern.
Histamine: A signaling molecule that can widen blood vessels, increase vascular permeability, and constrict airways. Histamine contributes to swelling, hives, and airway symptoms after mediator release.
Anaphylaxis action plan: Written instructions for recognizing and responding to anaphylaxis in a specific person. A plan clarifies when to use epinephrine and seek emergency care.

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