Anders Celsius

Anders Celsius (1701–1744) was a Swedish astronomer and physicist who proposed a centigrade temperature scale in 1742, later named after him.

Olof Hiorter: Olof Hiorter was a Swedish astronomer and physicist who collaborated with Anders Celsius. Hiorter worked with Celsius on observations and helped test the temperature scale.
Celsius scale: The Celsius scale assigns 0 degrees to water’s freezing point and 100 degrees to its boiling point at standard pressure. This is the temperature scale Celsius proposed, though its original numbering was reversed.
History of temperature measurement: The history of temperature measurement traces the development of instruments and scales for quantifying hotness and coldness. Celsius’s proposal belongs to the shift from local thermometer conventions toward standardized scales.
Lapland expedition: The Lapland expedition was a 1736–1737 French-led survey in northern Sweden to measure the length of a degree of meridian. Celsius participated in the expedition that helped confirm Earth’s polar flattening.
Carl Linnaeus: Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist who established a widely used system for naming organisms. Linnaeus helped popularize a reversed version of Celsius’s temperature scale.
Thermometer: A thermometer is an instrument that measures temperature through a calibrated physical response. Celsius developed his scale by calibrating thermometers against fixed temperature points.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was a German physicist who developed the Fahrenheit temperature scale and mercury-in-glass thermometers. Fahrenheit’s earlier scale offered a competing system for measuring temperature.
Geodesy: Geodesy is the science of measuring Earth’s shape, size, and gravitational field. Celsius’s meridian measurements contributed to geodetic evidence about Earth’s shape.
Anders Spole: Anders Spole was a Swedish astronomer and professor at Uppsala University. Celsius succeeded Spole as professor of astronomy at Uppsala.
Boiling point: A boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid’s vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. Celsius used water’s boiling point as one reference for his scale.

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