Andrés de Santa Cruz

Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792–1865) was a Bolivian military and political leader who served as president of Bolivia and led the Peru–Bolivian Confederation from 1836 to 1839.

Simón Bolívar: A Venezuelan military and political leader who helped liberate several South American territories from Spanish rule. Santa Cruz served under Bolívar during the wars of independence and later governed a republic Bolívar had helped establish.
Peru–Bolivian Confederation: A short-lived political union of Bolivia, North Peru, and South Peru from 1836 to 1839. Santa Cruz organized and led this union as its Supreme Protector.
Spanish American wars of independence: The conflicts through which Spanish American territories broke from the Spanish monarchy in the early nineteenth century. Santa Cruz first rose as a military officer amid these independence struggles.
War of the Confederation: A conflict from 1836 to 1839 between Chile and the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, also known as the War of the Confederation. Chile’s campaign against Santa Cruz’s union helped destroy it and restored separate Peruvian and Bolivian states.
Agustín Gamarra: A Peruvian military leader and politician who served twice as president of Peru. Gamarra opposed Santa Cruz’s confederation and helped bring about its defeat.
North Peru–South Peru division: The division of Peru into two constituent states within the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. The confederation’s structure joined these Peruvian states with Bolivia under Santa Cruz.
Battle of Ayacucho: The 1824 battle in Peru that ended major Spanish military resistance in South America. Santa Cruz fought in the campaign that culminated in this decisive independence victory.
Exile: Forced residence outside one’s homeland, often resulting from political defeat or persecution. After the confederation fell, Santa Cruz spent the rest of his life outside Bolivia.
Felipe Santiago Salaverry: A Peruvian general who seized power in 1835 and became Peru’s youngest president. Santa Cruz’s intervention in Peru led to Salaverry’s defeat and execution.
Supreme Protector: The governing title held by Andrés de Santa Cruz over the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. This office concentrated confederal authority in Santa Cruz.

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History of BoliviaRelated: His confederation briefly joined Bolivia and Peru in the 1830s.