Androgen receptor

The androgen receptor is a protein that binds testosterone and related hormones, then regulates gene activity. It helps mediate androgen effects in development, reproduction, and other tissues.

Testosterone: A steroid hormone that supports male reproductive development, muscle and bone maintenance, and other functions in all sexes. It is the principal circulating androgen that activates the receptor.
Steroid hormone: A hormone synthesized from cholesterol that can enter cells and bind intracellular receptors. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are steroid hormones recognized by this receptor.
Androgen deprivation therapy: Cancer treatment that lowers androgen levels or blocks their effects, chiefly for prostate cancer. Many forms of this therapy aim to reduce activation of the androgen receptor.
Androgen receptor gene: The X-chromosomal gene, AR, that encodes the androgen receptor protein. Its mutations and inherited variants shape receptor function and associated disorders.
Sexual differentiation: The developmental processes that produce differences in reproductive anatomy and physiology. Androgen receptor signaling helps direct several aspects of male-typical development.
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgen formed from testosterone by 5α-reductase enzymes. It binds the receptor with high affinity and drives strong responses in tissues such as prostate and skin.
Ligand-binding domain: A protein region that binds a specific molecule and often changes shape when binding occurs. This domain recognizes androgens and helps control receptor activation.
Androgen receptor antagonist: A drug that binds the androgen receptor and inhibits its activation by androgens. These medicines block receptor signaling in prostate cancer and other androgen-dependent conditions.
Herschel Harris: A British biochemist known for early work on cellular proteins and genetic variation. His group’s studies helped establish the androgen receptor as a distinct cellular protein.
Polycystic ovary syndrome: A common endocrine disorder involving reproductive, metabolic, and androgen-related features. Altered androgen signaling can contribute to symptoms such as acne and excess hair growth.

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