Anglo-Dutch Wars

The Anglo-Dutch Wars were a series of seventeenth-century conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic, fought chiefly over naval power, trade, and maritime empire.

Battle of Lowestoft: A 1665 naval battle in which the English fleet defeated the Dutch near the Suffolk coast. Its English victory opened the Second Anglo-Dutch War with a major fleet engagement.
Navigation Acts: English laws restricting colonial trade and reserving much shipping to English vessels. The acts directly challenged Dutch carrying trade and helped trigger the First War.
Charles II of England: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1660 to 1685, restored to the throne after the Interregnum. His government fought the Second War and secretly allied with France before the Third.
Treaty of Westminster (1654): A treaty ending the First Anglo-Dutch War and requiring the Dutch to acknowledge the English Navigation Act. Its terms gave England an early commercial advantage in the rivalry.
Four Days' Battle: A June 1666 naval battle in which Dutch and English fleets fought for four days in the North Sea. Its scale and duration show the intensity of fleet warfare in the Second War.
Dutch East India Company: A chartered Dutch company that held a state-backed monopoly over Dutch trade in Asia. Its commercial reach embodied the Dutch trading power England sought to contest.
James, Duke of York: The future James II, who served as Lord High Admiral and commanded English forces in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. His naval command placed him at the center of English war leadership.
Suriname: A country on the northern coast of South America, formerly a Dutch colony known as Dutch Guiana. The Treaty of Breda confirmed Dutch possession of Suriname after its capture from England.
Raid on the Medway: A 1667 Dutch naval raid that penetrated the Medway and destroyed or captured English ships. The raid forced England toward peace after the Second War's costly stalemate.
English Civil War: A series of conflicts from 1642 to 1651 between supporters of the English monarchy and Parliament. Its aftermath reshaped English policy and military capacity before the first war.

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