Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936

The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 ended Britain’s formal occupation of Egypt while allowing British forces to remain in the Suez Canal zone and reserving Britain’s right to return during war.

Suez Canal: An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. The treaty permitted Britain to station forces near this route linking Europe and Asia.
Egyptian Revolution of 1919: A mass uprising against British rule in Egypt that began in 1919 and helped lead to the country’s partial independence. The nationalist mobilization behind this uprising set the longer struggle that produced the treaty.
Mustafa el-Nahhas: An Egyptian statesman who led the Wafd Party and served multiple terms as prime minister. As prime minister, he signed the treaty for Egypt in 1936.
Egyptian Revolution of 1952: The military-led overthrow of Egypt’s monarchy in 1952 by the Free Officers Movement. The new regime rejected the treaty’s unequal military arrangements and demanded British withdrawal.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: The condominium established in 1899 under which Britain and Egypt nominally shared rule over Sudan, with Britain exercising effective control. The treaty addressed Sudan’s status but left its governance unresolved.
Egyptian Declaration of Independence of 1922: Britain’s unilateral declaration ending its protectorate over Egypt while reserving control over defense, communications, foreign interests, and Sudan. The treaty renegotiated the reserved powers that Britain retained under this declaration.
Anthony Eden: A British Conservative politician who served as foreign secretary from 1935 to 1938 and as prime minister from 1955 to 1957. As foreign secretary, he represented Britain during the treaty negotiations.
Anglo-Egyptian Agreement of 1954: An agreement providing for the withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal zone within twenty months. It replaced the treaty’s continuing British military presence with a timetable for evacuation.
Egyptian Army: The land warfare branch of Egypt’s armed forces. The agreement allowed British assistance in reorganizing and training Egypt’s army.
Wafd Party: An Egyptian nationalist political party founded in 1919 that sought independence from British control. Wafd governments pressed Britain for a treaty that reduced its reserved powers.

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