Anglo-Egyptian War

The 1882 British campaign in Egypt defeated Ahmed Urabi’s forces and established British military occupation, which lasted until 1956.

Alexandria bombardment: A British naval bombardment of Alexandria on 11 July 1882, followed by a landing that occupied the city. It opened the campaign by destroying Egyptian coastal defenses and giving Britain a base of operations.
Urabi Revolt: An Egyptian nationalist and military uprising against Khedive Tewfik’s government and European influence from 1879 to 1882. The war was the foreign military defeat of this uprising.
Queen Victoria: Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901, during whose reign Britain invaded and occupied Egypt. Her government authorized the campaign that began Britain’s prolonged occupation.
Egyptian nationalism: A political movement seeking Egyptian autonomy, national unity, and freedom from foreign control. British occupation intensified the nationalist politics that Urabi’s movement had helped to advance.
Battle of Tel el-Kebir: The decisive battle of the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War, fought between British forces and Ahmed Urabi’s army. The British night attack broke Urabi’s main defensive line and cleared the route to Cairo.
Isma'il Pasha: Khedive of Egypt from 1863 to 1879, whose spending and borrowing deepened Egypt’s financial crisis. The debt crisis intensified European intervention and domestic opposition before the war.
William Gladstone: British Liberal prime minister who led the government during the 1882 intervention in Egypt. His cabinet chose military action after the Alexandria crisis and Urabi’s advance.
Lord Cromer: British official Evelyn Baring, who governed Egypt as its de facto administrator from 1883 to 1907. His long administration institutionalized British influence established by the campaign.
Ahmed Urabi: An Egyptian military officer and nationalist leader who headed the revolt against Khedive Tewfik and British influence. His defeat ended organized resistance to the British invasion.
Caisse de la Dette: An international commission established in 1876 to supervise Egyptian revenues for repayment of foreign debt. Foreign control over Egyptian finances helped fuel the political grievances behind Urabi’s revolt.

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