Anglo-Irish Treaty

The 1921 agreement between British and Irish representatives that ended the Irish War of Independence and provided for an Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire.

Irish Free State: A self-governing dominion established in 1922 across most of Ireland, initially within the British Commonwealth. The treaty’s principal constitutional outcome was this new dominion.
Irish Civil War: The 1922–1923 conflict between Irish forces supporting and opposing the treaty settlement. The treaty’s ratification divided the movement into armed opponents.
Michael Collins: An Irish revolutionary leader who served as a negotiator and signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. He defended the treaty as a step toward greater Irish freedom.
Irish Declaration of Independence: A declaration adopted by Dáil Éireann in 1919 asserting the independence of the Irish Republic. It defined the republican claim that British negotiators refused to accept outright.
Irish Republic: The republic proclaimed by Irish revolutionaries in 1916 and reaffirmed by Dáil Éireann in 1919. Treaty opponents argued that dominion status fell short of the republic they had declared.
Oath of Allegiance (Ireland): An oath required of members of the Irish Free State’s parliament, including a pledge of fidelity to the British monarch. The oath made the treaty’s Crown connection a concrete test for Irish politicians.
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922): The revolutionary army that fought British forces during the Irish War of Independence. Its members split over whether the treaty fulfilled the republic’s aims.
Arthur Griffith: An Irish nationalist politician who led the treaty delegation and became president of Dáil Éireann. He headed the Irish negotiating team and supported ratification.
Dáil Éireann: The revolutionary Irish parliament established by Sinn Féin representatives in 1919. It authorized the Irish delegation and later voted on the treaty.
Republicanism in Ireland: A political tradition seeking an independent Irish republic, often grounded in popular sovereignty and opposition to British rule. Its competing interpretations divided supporters and opponents of the settlement.

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