Knowra Animal model Animal model An animal model is a nonhuman organism used to study biological processes or diseases relevant to other species. Its usefulness depends on how well the studied features correspond across species.
Knockout mouse : A genetically engineered mouse in which a selected gene has been disabled. Gene deletion can reveal a gene’s role in disease or normal biology.
Translational research : Research that seeks to move findings from basic science into practical health applications. Animal studies often serve as an intermediate step before clinical testing.
In vitro : Experiments conducted outside a living organism, commonly in cells or biological materials. Cell-based studies can isolate mechanisms without using whole animals.
Claude Bernard : A nineteenth-century French physiologist who helped establish experimental medicine. His work made controlled animal experiments central to studying physiological mechanisms.
Animal welfare : The physical and mental well-being of animals, including how they experience and respond to their conditions. Housing, handling, and procedures affect both animal well-being and experimental outcomes.
Transgenic mouse : A mouse engineered to carry genetic material introduced from another source. Added genes can reproduce disease features or test biological hypotheses.
Construct validity : The degree to which a measure or model represents the concept it is intended to study. A model needs to reproduce the relevant causes or mechanisms, not merely visible symptoms.
Organoid : A three-dimensional, self-organizing cell culture that reproduces selected features of an organ. Organoids model some human tissue properties that animal species may not share.
Animal experimentation : The use of animals in experiments to investigate biological, medical, or behavioral questions. Animal models developed within a longer tradition of experimental animal research.
Preclinical research : Research conducted before human testing to assess biological effects, safety, or potential efficacy. Animal models often contribute evidence used to decide whether a treatment advances to human studies.
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