Annexation

Annexation is a state’s acquisition and incorporation of territory into its own jurisdiction, often by force and without the consent of the territory’s population or governing authority.

Occupation: Effective control of territory by a foreign military power without transfer of sovereignty. Military occupation can enable annexation, but does not itself transfer sovereignty.
Anschluss: Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria in March 1938. It is a prominent case of territorial expansion presented as national unification.
Cession: The transfer of territory from one state to another, usually through a treaty. Unlike forcible annexation, cession is conventionally framed as a consensual legal transfer.
Territorial dispute: A disagreement between states or political entities over the ownership or boundaries of territory. Rejected annexations often leave sovereignty contested long after control changes.
Sovereignty: A state’s authority to govern a territory independently of external control. Annexation claims to extend the annexing state’s sovereignty over the territory.
Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation: Russia’s 2014 incorporation of Crimea, which Ukraine and most states reject as illegal. It illustrates contemporary rejection of territorial acquisition achieved through military intervention.
Irredentism: A political movement seeking to unite territory with a state based on historical, ethnic, or national claims. Irredentist claims often justify annexation by asserting that territory belongs with a neighboring state.
Economic sanctions: Restrictions on trade, finance, or other economic activity imposed to influence a target’s conduct. States may use sanctions to oppose an annexation or raise its costs.
International law: The rules and principles governing relations among states and other international actors. Its rules distinguish territorial control from lawful acquisition of sovereignty.
Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem: Israel’s extension of its law and administration to East Jerusalem after capturing it in 1967. Its status remains disputed, and the international community generally does not recognize the annexation.

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