Antenna array

An antenna array is a group of antenna elements operated together to shape radio-wave transmission or reception. Its geometry and signal relationships can control beam direction and pattern.

Array factor: The directional pattern produced by interference among signals from antenna elements, considered separately from each element’s own pattern. It captures how array geometry and excitation shape the combined radiation pattern.
Antenna element: A single radiating or receiving component within a larger antenna system. Each array element contributes its own field to the combined response.
MIMO: A wireless communication technique that uses multiple transmitting and receiving antennas to improve capacity or reliability. MIMO systems use antenna arrays to create multiple spatial communication channels.
Parabolic reflector antenna: A directional antenna that uses a curved reflective surface to focus radio waves. It obtains high directivity through a reflector rather than coordinated multiple elements.
Beamforming: A signal-processing technique that combines signals with chosen weights to emphasize particular directions. Arrays steer or shape beams by adjusting the weights applied to their elements.
Dipole antenna: An antenna made from two conductive elements driven by an alternating electrical current. Dipoles are common elements whose individual patterns combine within larger arrays.
Synthetic aperture radar: A radar imaging method that combines measurements collected along a moving platform’s path to form a large effective aperture. Its imaging relies on coherent combination of signals across a synthetic antenna aperture.
Yagi–Uda antenna: A directional antenna consisting of a driven element and parasitic elements arranged along a boom. Its fixed parasitic-element arrangement contrasts with arrays controlled through multiple feed signals.
Phased array: An antenna array that steers its radiation pattern by controlling relative phase across its elements. It is a prominent array design that steers beams electronically without moving the antenna.
Wavelength: The distance between successive corresponding points of a periodic wave. Element spacing is commonly specified relative to wavelength because it governs interference.

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