Anthraquinone

Anthraquinone is an aromatic organic compound, C₁₄H₈O₂, with carbonyl groups at positions 9 and 10 of an anthracene framework.

Anthracene: Anthracene is a three-ring aromatic hydrocarbon with three linearly fused benzene rings. Anthraquinone retains this three-ring framework, with carbonyl groups in its central ring.
Anthraquinone process: The anthraquinone process is an industrial method for producing hydrogen peroxide through catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation. A substituted anthraquinone cycles between reduced and oxidized forms to generate hydrogen peroxide.
Alizarin: Alizarin is a red anthraquinone dye historically obtained from madder roots. Its hydroxylated anthraquinone structure gives a classic example of the scaffold as a dye.
Carl Graebe: Carl Graebe was a German chemist who helped establish the structures and synthesis of coal-tar dyes. Graebe and Carl Liebermann identified alizarin's structure and developed its synthesis from anthracene.
1,4-Benzoquinone: 1,4-Benzoquinone is a six-membered cyclic diketone with two carbonyl groups opposite each other. It has one ring, unlike anthraquinone's three fused rings.
Quinone: Quinones are cyclic conjugated compounds containing two carbonyl groups. Anthraquinone is a fused-ring example of this carbonyl-containing compound family.
Hydrogenation: Hydrogenation adds hydrogen to a compound, commonly using a catalyst. Hydrogenation reduces anthraquinone derivatives in the industrial hydrogen peroxide cycle.
Indanthrone: Indanthrone is a blue vat dye whose fused aromatic structure includes anthraquinone units. It illustrates how elaborating the anthraquinone framework yields durable vat pigments.
Carl Liebermann: Carl Liebermann was a German chemist known for research on alizarin and synthetic dyes. His work with Graebe connected anthracene chemistry to synthetic alizarin production.
1,2-Benzoquinone: 1,2-Benzoquinone is a six-membered cyclic diketone with adjacent carbonyl groups. Its neighboring carbonyls differ from anthraquinone's carbonyls in the central ring.

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