Antifeminism

Antifeminism is opposition to feminism, its goals, or efforts to advance women’s rights and gender equality. It includes movements and arguments that resist feminist social, legal, or political change.

Gender essentialism: The belief that women and men have inherent, fixed psychological or social traits. Claims about fixed sex differences have often been used to reject feminist demands for equal roles.
First-wave feminism: A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century movement focused especially on women’s legal rights and suffrage. Opposition to women’s suffrage and legal equality became visible in response to this movement.
Erin Pizzey: A British writer and activist known for founding one of the first modern women’s domestic-violence shelters. Her later criticism of aspects of feminism made her a prominent and contested antifeminist voice.
Feminism: A range of movements and ideas seeking to understand and end gender-based inequalities. Feminism is the broad political and intellectual movement antifeminism opposes.
Patriarchy: A social system in which men hold disproportionate authority and resources. Feminists identify patriarchy as a structure antifeminist arguments often defend or deny.
Anti-suffragism: Organized opposition to women’s right to vote. Anti-suffragism is a major historical form of antifeminism directed at a specific feminist demand.
Christina Hoff Sommers: An American writer known for criticizing strands of contemporary feminism. Her arguments exemplify a prominent critique of feminist claims about sex discrimination.
Criticism of feminism: Evaluation or rejection of particular feminist theories, arguments, or practices. Specific criticism need not oppose feminism as a whole, unlike antifeminism.
Backlash: A strong negative reaction against social or political change. Organized resistance to feminist advances is often analyzed as backlash against changing gender relations.
Anti-suffrage movement: Organizations and campaigns that opposed granting women the vote. Its campaigns reveal the arguments and tactics used to resist women’s political equality.

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