António de Oliveira Salazar

António de Oliveira Salazar was a Portuguese authoritarian ruler who led the Estado Novo regime from 1933 to 1968 and served as prime minister from 1932 to 1968.

Estado Novo: Portugal’s authoritarian regime, established under Salazar in 1933 and lasting until the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Salazar shaped and led this regime, which outlasted his tenure.
First Portuguese Republic: Portugal’s republican regime from 1910 until the military coup of 1926. Its instability and fiscal crises preceded the dictatorship Salazar helped build.
Óscar Carmona: A Portuguese military officer and president who held office from 1926 until his death in 1951. As president, Carmona appointed Salazar prime minister and remained his head of state for decades.
Carnation Revolution: The largely peaceful 1974 military coup that overthrew Portugal’s Estado Novo dictatorship. It ended the regime Salazar had led, six years after he left office.
Portuguese Constitution of 1933: The constitution that formally established Portugal’s Estado Novo political order. It gave constitutional form to the political system Salazar led.
28 May 1926 coup d'état: The military coup that ended Portugal’s First Republic and began a period of authoritarian rule. It created the military dictatorship in which Salazar first gained national influence.
Marcelo Caetano: A Portuguese politician who succeeded Salazar as prime minister in 1968 and led the Estado Novo until 1974. He took over after Salazar’s incapacity but could not preserve the regime.
Portuguese Colonial War: The conflicts fought from 1961 to 1974 as Portugal resisted independence movements in its African colonies. Salazar’s refusal to decolonize prolonged wars that continued after his incapacitation.
National Union (Portugal): The political organization that served as the sole legal party under Portugal’s Estado Novo. It organized political support while excluding competitive party politics.
Portuguese financial crisis of 1924–1925: A severe fiscal and monetary crisis that weakened Portugal’s First Republic in the mid-1920s. The crisis made financial stability a central issue when Salazar entered government.

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