Apartheid

Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and white-minority rule imposed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. It classified people by race and enforced unequal rights through law and state power.

Population Registration Act: A 1950 South African law that required people to be classified into racial groups. Its racial categories supplied the legal basis for assigning rights and restrictions.
Union of South Africa: A self-governing dominion formed in 1910 by uniting four British colonies in southern Africa. Its political order entrenched white rule decades before apartheid became official policy.
D. F. Malan: A South African politician who led the National Party government from 1948 to 1954. His government began legislating formal apartheid after the 1948 election.
Forced removals in South Africa: The state-mandated displacement of people from areas designated for another racial group. Group-area enforcement uprooted communities, including residents of District Six.
Jim Crow laws: State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the southern United States from the late nineteenth century into the 1960s. Both systems enforced racial hierarchy, but differed in legal structure and national setting.
Group Areas Act: A 1950 South African law that assigned different racial groups to separate residential and business areas. It enforced residential segregation through removals and racially exclusive zones.
Natives Land Act, 1913: A South African law that restricted Black land ownership and tenancy to designated areas. It established a major precedent for racially defined control of land.
Hendrik Verwoerd: A South African prime minister from 1958 to 1966 and a principal architect of apartheid policy. He developed the doctrine of separate development and strengthened homeland policy.
Sharpeville massacre: The 1960 killing of 69 people by police during a protest against pass laws in Sharpeville, South Africa. The killings exposed the violence behind pass enforcement and intensified global condemnation.
Racial segregation: The enforced separation of people into racial groups across public, residential, or institutional life. Apartheid was a comprehensive state system built around racial segregation.

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