Apical dominance

Apical dominance is the suppression of lateral bud growth by signals associated with an actively growing shoot tip. Removing the tip often releases these buds to grow.

Auxin: Auxin is a plant hormone that regulates growth, development, and responses to environmental cues. The shoot tip exports auxin, which indirectly helps maintain lateral-bud inhibition.
Shoot apical meristem: The shoot apical meristem is a region of dividing cells at a plant shoot tip that produces aerial organs and tissues. Its activity supplies the growing tip whose signals are associated with apical dominance.
Pinching (horticulture): Pinching is the removal of a shoot tip to encourage lateral growth in a plant. It reduces apical control and is used to produce bushier ornamental plants.
Apical control: Apical control is the influence of upper branches over the growth of lower branches in a plant. It concerns branch hierarchy along established axes, rather than chiefly the shoot tip's inhibition of buds.
Cytokinin: Cytokinins are plant hormones that promote cell division and influence shoot and root development. Cytokinin can promote bud outgrowth, countering the inhibitory influence associated with the shoot tip.
Axillary bud: An axillary bud is a shoot-forming structure that develops in the angle between a leaf and a stem. Axillary buds are the lateral growth points whose outgrowth apical dominance suppresses.
Pruning: Pruning is the selective removal of plant parts to manage growth, structure, or productivity. Pruning can alter shoot-tip control and redirect growth into selected branches.
Apical meristem: An apical meristem is a region of dividing plant cells at the tip of a root or shoot. The meristem is a growth structure; apical dominance is a pattern of bud suppression.
Strigolactone: Strigolactones are plant hormones involved in shoot branching, root development, and interactions with soil fungi. Strigolactone signaling contributes to suppression of axillary-bud growth.
Phyllotaxis: Phyllotaxis is the arrangement of leaves around a plant stem. Leaf arrangement determines the positions where axillary buds form along a shoot.

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