Arab–Khazar wars

The Arab–Khazar wars were a series of conflicts between Arab caliphates and the Khazar Khaganate, fought mainly across the Caucasus during the seventh and eighth centuries.

Derbent: A fortified city on the Caspian coast of Dagestan, guarding a narrow passage between the sea and the Caucasus. Its walls and pass made it the chief gateway contested by Arab and Khazar forces.
Battle of Marj Ardabil: An 730 battle near Ardabil in which a Khazar army defeated and killed the Arab governor al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah. The Khazar victory carried the war deep into Arab-held Azerbaijan.
Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik: An Umayyad prince and general who led major Arab campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Khazars. His Caucasus campaigns restored Arab control after the Khazar invasion of 730.
Arab–Byzantine wars: A long series of conflicts between the Arab caliphates and the Byzantine Empire from the seventh century onward. The same caliphates fought the Khazars while contesting Byzantine power across Anatolia and Armenia.
Battle of Talas: A 751 battle in Central Asia between Abbasid forces and the Tang dynasty, fought near the Talas River. Unlike the Caucasus wars, this confrontation placed Abbasid and Chinese imperial forces face to face.
Caucasian Albania: An ancient and early medieval kingdom in the eastern Caucasus, centered in parts of present-day Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan. Its territory lay along routes used by armies moving between the Caucasus and the Caspian steppe.
Maslama's campaign in the Caucasus: A series of early eighth-century Arab operations in the Caucasus led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik. Maslama's campaigns recovered territory and strengthened Arab positions after Khazar incursions.
Marwan II: The last Umayyad caliph, who ruled from 744 to 750 and had earlier commanded on the Caucasian frontier. His northern campaign brought the Khazars into a settlement before his caliphate began.
Muslim conquest of Persia: The seventh-century conquest of the Sasanian Empire by Arab Muslim armies, completed under the Rashidun Caliphate. Arab control of Iran brought the caliphate to the Caucasus and the Khazar frontier.
Abbasid Revolution: The movement that overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and established Abbasid rule in 750. The change of dynasty redirected Arab priorities as the frontier conflict subsided.

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