Arbovirus

An arbovirus is a virus transmitted between vertebrate hosts by blood-feeding arthropods, especially mosquitoes and ticks. The term describes a transmission pattern, not a single viral lineage.

Biological vector: A living organism that carries a pathogen and enables its transmission between hosts. Mosquitoes and ticks transmit arboviruses after the viruses infect and replicate within them.
Dengue virus: A mosquito-borne virus that causes dengue fever and can cause severe disease. It is a prominent arbovirus transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes in human cycles.
Vector control: Methods used to reduce or manage populations of organisms that transmit pathogens. Reducing mosquito or tick exposure can interrupt arbovirus transmission.
Direct transmission: Pathogen spread from one host to another without an intermediate vector. Arboviruses depend on an arthropod vector rather than passing only between vertebrate hosts.
Viremia: The presence of viruses in the bloodstream. Vertebrate hosts generally infect feeding arthropods when virus levels in their blood are high enough.
Zika virus: A mosquito-borne virus that can cause Zika fever and congenital infection. Its spread and pregnancy-related effects illustrate consequences of arboviral transmission.
Mosquito-borne disease surveillance: The systematic monitoring of mosquitoes and associated infections to detect and assess disease risk. Mosquito sampling and virus testing can reveal arbovirus circulation before human cases rise.
Mechanical vector: A carrier that transfers a pathogen without the pathogen developing or reproducing within it. Arbovirus transmission typically involves biological infection of the arthropod, unlike purely mechanical transfer.
Vector competence: An arthropod’s capacity to acquire, maintain, and transmit a pathogen. It determines whether a mosquito or tick can transmit a particular arbovirus.
West Nile virus: A mosquito-borne virus maintained chiefly between birds and mosquitoes, sometimes infecting people and horses. Its bird–mosquito cycle contrasts with human-centered transmission of some other arboviruses.

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