Argentine War of Independence

The revolutionary conflict in which the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata fought Spanish colonial rule, beginning in 1810 and securing independence in 1816.

Army of the North: A revolutionary army that campaigned in Upper Peru, the northern frontier of the United Provinces. Its campaigns carried the revolution toward Spanish strongholds in the north.
British invasions of the Río de la Plata: Two British military expeditions against Spanish possessions in the Río de la Plata in 1806 and 1807. Local militias gained experience and political confidence before the revolution.
Manuel Belgrano: An Argentine lawyer, revolutionary leader, and general who commanded armies during the independence struggle. He led northern campaigns and helped create symbols adopted by the emerging state.
Argentine Declaration of Independence: The 1816 declaration by the Congress of Tucumán that the United Provinces were free from Spanish rule. It stated the war’s central political objective in formal terms.
Army of the Andes: The force organized by José de San Martín to cross the Andes and liberate Chile from Spanish rule. Its crossing opened the western campaign against Spanish power in South America.
Peninsular War: The conflict in Spain and Portugal from 1807 to 1814, sparked by French invasion and occupation. The crisis of the Spanish monarchy weakened imperial authority in the Americas.
José de San Martín: An Argentine-born general who led independence campaigns in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. His continental strategy became decisive after northern campaigns stalled.
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata: The revolutionary political entity that emerged in the Río de la Plata after the 1810 revolution. The conflict was fought in its name, though its territory and institutions remained contested.
Congress of Tucumán: The assembly that declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America in 1816. It gave the military struggle a formal declaration of independence.
May Revolution: The 1810 political uprising in Buenos Aires that displaced the Spanish viceroy and established a local governing junta. It transformed the imperial crisis into an organized local revolutionary government.

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