Aristotelian logic

Aristotelian logic is a system of reasoning developed by Aristotle that analyzes propositions and valid inferences, especially categorical syllogisms.

Categorical syllogism: A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion, each a categorical proposition. This is the system’s central pattern for deriving conclusions from premises.
Deductive reasoning: Reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from its premises if the inference is valid. Aristotelian syllogisms are a prominent formal model of deduction.
Aristotle: An ancient Greek philosopher whose writings established influential foundations for logic, biology, metaphysics, and ethics. He formulated the system and presented its core analyses in the Organon.
Stoic logic: An ancient Greek logical tradition that emphasized propositions and inference patterns involving connectives. It developed a rival approach focused on whole propositions rather than Aristotelian terms.
Scholastic logic: The logical theories and teaching practices developed by medieval European scholars, especially in universities. It elaborated Aristotelian syllogistic into a sophisticated curriculum and technical tradition.
Categorical proposition: A statement that affirms or denies a predicate of a subject, such as “All humans are mortal.” Aristotelian syllogisms connect terms through these subject–predicate statements.
Predicate logic: A formal system that represents objects, predicates, and quantified claims. Its notation makes explicit logical structure that categorical term formulations leave implicit.
Prior Analytics: Aristotle’s treatise that develops syllogistic theory and analyzes valid deductive forms. It gives the fullest account of the system’s formal syllogisms.
Propositional calculus: A formal system that studies inference using propositions and logical connectives such as “and” and “if.” It handles connective-based arguments that traditional syllogistic forms do not capture directly.
History of logic: The historical development of formal systems and theories of valid inference. Aristotle’s work became a foundational chapter in the discipline’s history.

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