Arnaut Daniel

Arnaut Daniel was a medieval Occitan troubadour celebrated for intricate lyric poetry and influential use of the trobar ric style.

Occitan language: A Romance language historically spoken across southern France and neighboring regions. Daniel composed in Occitan, whose sounds and vocabulary shape his lyrics.
Lo ferm voler qu’el cor m’intra: A canso by Arnaut Daniel whose opening describes a steadfast desire entering the poet’s heart. This celebrated poem exemplifies the intricate verbal craft associated with Daniel.
Raimbaut d’Aurenga: A twelfth-century Occitan troubadour associated with trobar ric and formally intricate poetry. His work offers a close stylistic comparison within the same tradition.
Sestina: A poem of six stanzas whose six end words rotate through a fixed pattern, followed by a shorter envoy. Daniel’s “Lo ferm voler” is an early and influential example of this form.
Troubadour: A medieval poet-composer who wrote lyric songs, especially in Occitan-speaking lands. Daniel belongs to the troubadour tradition of composing courtly lyric.
En cest sonet coind’e leri: A canso by Arnaut Daniel beginning with a declaration of a graceful, cheerful song. Its tightly patterned language offers another concentrated example of his elaborate style.
Guilhem de Peitieus: An early Occitan troubadour and duke of Aquitaine whose songs are among the oldest surviving troubadour lyrics. His earlier songs help place Daniel within the development of troubadour poetry.
Dante's De vulgari eloquentia: A Latin treatise by Dante on vernacular language and poetic composition. Dante discusses Daniel’s craft while ranking poets who wrote in the vernacular.
Canso: A troubadour lyric song, usually concerned with love and organized into stanzas. Many of Daniel’s surviving poems are cansos.
L’aura amara: A canso by Arnaut Daniel whose opening evokes bitter air and a song’s difficult composition. The poem’s intricate sound patterning makes it a useful case of trobar ric.

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