Artaxerxes III

Artaxerxes III was Achaemenid king of Persia from 358 to 338 BCE. He restored imperial control over Egypt and strengthened royal authority through military campaigns and court politics.

Artaxerxes II: Achaemenid king of Persia from 404 to 358 BCE, whose long reign faced revolts and declining imperial authority. His death opened the succession that Artaxerxes III secured.
Bagoas: A powerful Persian court official and eunuch who served as a kingmaker in the late Achaemenid Empire. He helped Artaxerxes III consolidate power, then became central to the succession after his death.
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt: The brief period of renewed Achaemenid rule in Egypt, beginning with its reconquest by Artaxerxes III. This dynasty marks the Persian restoration that followed his invasion.
Philip II of Macedon: King of Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE who expanded Macedonian power and prepared the invasion of Persia. His growing power became a major external threat after Artaxerxes III's reign.
Ochus: The personal name of Artaxerxes III, used in ancient accounts before and alongside his royal name. The prince Ochus became king after eliminating rivals within the royal family.
Satrap: A provincial governor in several ancient empires, especially the Achaemenid Empire. Provincial governors were key intermediaries in the imperial authority Artaxerxes sought to reinforce.
Nectanebo II: The last native Egyptian pharaoh, who resisted the Persian invasion before fleeing Egypt around 343 BCE. His defeat ended native Egyptian rule and enabled Artaxerxes III's reconquest.
Alexander the Great: Macedonian king who conquered the Achaemenid Empire between 334 and 330 BCE. His conquest soon erased the imperial recovery Artaxerxes had achieved.
Achaemenid Empire: An ancient Persian empire that ruled a vast territory from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE. Artaxerxes III inherited and sought to restore this empire's reach.
Phoenician revolt: A revolt against Persian rule in Phoenicia and Cyprus during the fourth century BCE. Its suppression demonstrated the force Artaxerxes used to reassert control over rebellious provinces.

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