Artemisia I of Caria

Artemisia I was queen of Halicarnassus and a naval commander who fought for Xerxes I during the Greco-Persian Wars, including the Battle of Salamis.

Xerxes I: Xerxes I was the Achaemenid king of Persia from 486 to 465 BCE and led the invasion of Greece in 480 BCE. Artemisia commanded ships in Xerxes’ fleet and advised him during the Greek campaign.
Battle of Salamis: The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle in 480 BCE in which a Greek fleet defeated the Persian fleet. Artemisia fought in the battle and became the subject of Herodotus’ most famous episode about her.
Achaemenid Navy: The Achaemenid Navy was the maritime force assembled by the Persian Empire from ships and crews across its territories. Artemisia led a contingent within this coalition fleet.
Women in ancient warfare: Women in ancient warfare served in varied roles, though surviving accounts disproportionately record exceptional elites and rulers. Artemisia is among the best-known women described as commanding forces in classical accounts.
Herodotus: Herodotus was a fifth-century BCE Greek historian whose Histories recount the Greco-Persian Wars. His account is the fullest surviving source for Artemisia’s actions and reputation.
Greco-Persian Wars: The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Persian Empire and Greek states in the fifth century BCE. Artemisia’s military service took place during Xerxes’ invasion of Greece.
Trireme: A trireme was an ancient warship propelled by three tiers of oars and commonly used in Mediterranean naval warfare. Herodotus describes Artemisia commanding a ship during the Salamis battle.
Caria: Caria was an ancient region of southwestern Anatolia with Greek-speaking coastal cities and inland communities. Artemisia’s kingdom lay within Caria, a region between Greek and Persian political worlds.
Themistocles: Themistocles was an Athenian politician and naval commander who helped organize Greek resistance to Persia. Herodotus relates that he admired Artemisia’s conduct at Salamis and later sought a reward for capturing her.
Battle of Artemisium: The Battle of Artemisium was a series of naval engagements between Greek and Persian fleets in 480 BCE. It formed part of the same campaign in which Artemisia commanded Persian ships.

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