Arthur Kornberg

Arthur Kornberg (1918–2007) was an American biochemist who discovered DNA polymerase and shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research on DNA synthesis.

DNA polymerase I: An enzyme in Escherichia coli that synthesizes DNA and removes RNA primers during DNA replication and repair. Kornberg discovered this enzyme in 1956 while studying DNA synthesis in E. coli.
City College of New York: A public college in New York City, founded in 1847 as the Free Academy. Kornberg earned his undergraduate degree there before attending medical school.
Roger Kornberg: An American biochemist who received the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on eukaryotic transcription. Kornberg’s son became a Nobel laureate studying a distinct stage of genetic information flow.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: An annual international award recognizing discoveries in physiology or medicine. Kornberg shared the 1959 prize for discovering the mechanisms of biological DNA synthesis.
DNA replication: The cellular process of copying DNA before cell division. Kornberg’s enzyme discovery established how cells can synthesize a new DNA strand.
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry: A medical and graduate school in Rochester, New York. Kornberg received his medical degree there in 1941.
I. Robert Lehman: An American biochemist known for research on DNA replication and DNA ligase. Lehman trained with Kornberg and became a leading investigator of DNA-synthesis enzymes.
DNA synthesis: The formation of DNA molecules from nucleotide building blocks. Kornberg’s work provided the first enzyme-based account of biological DNA synthesis.
DNA ligase: An enzyme that joins breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. Kornberg’s laboratory also helped identify this enzyme, which completes discontinuous DNA synthesis.
National Institutes of Health: The United States agency that conducts and supports biomedical research. Kornberg trained and began his research career at the NIH after military service.

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