Artificial insemination

Artificial insemination deliberately introduces semen into a female reproductive tract without sexual intercourse. It is used in human fertility treatment and animal breeding.

Intracervical insemination: A fertility procedure that places semen in or near the cervix. It deposits semen closer to its natural route than intrauterine insemination does.
Intrauterine insemination: A fertility procedure that places prepared sperm directly into the uterus. It is a common clinical application for people seeking pregnancy.
Lazzaro Spallanzani: An eighteenth-century Italian biologist known for experiments on reproduction and animal physiology. His eighteenth-century experiments included successful artificial insemination in dogs.
In vitro fertilization: A fertility treatment in which eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the body before an embryo is transferred to the uterus. Unlike insemination, fertilization occurs in a laboratory.
Sperm washing: A laboratory process that separates motile sperm from seminal fluid and other cells. Preparation concentrates motile sperm before intrauterine insemination.
Donor sperm: Sperm provided by someone who is not the intended parent for use in conception. Donor sperm can be used in insemination when a partner's sperm is unavailable or unsuitable.
James Herriot: The pen name of British veterinary surgeon and author Alf Wight. Despite popular associations with veterinary practice, he was not a pioneer of artificial insemination.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: A laboratory technique that injects a single sperm directly into an egg. It bypasses sperm transport through the reproductive tract and requires egg retrieval.
Ovulation: The release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle. Timing insemination near ovulation aligns available sperm with the egg.
Livestock breeding: The planned reproduction of domesticated animals to produce offspring with selected traits. Artificial insemination spreads desirable genetics through livestock populations.

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