Ashgabat

Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, near the Kopet Dag mountains in the country's south. Its monumental white-marble architecture reflects extensive state-led redevelopment.

Turkmenistan: A country in Central Asia bordered by the Caspian Sea, Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan. Ashgabat is its capital and largest city.
Battle of Geok Tepe: An 1881 Russian victory over Tekke Turkmen forces at the fortress of Geok Tepe. Russian conquest of the region paved the way for Ashgabat's establishment as a garrison town.
White marble architecture in Ashgabat: A cityscape of pale marble-clad buildings prominent in Ashgabat's post-Soviet redevelopment. The marble façades are among the capital's most visible architectural features.
Urban planning in Turkmenistan: The policies and practices that guide the development of cities in Turkmenistan. State-led construction has strongly directed Ashgabat's expansion and appearance.
Almaty: Kazakhstan's largest city, located in the country's southeast near the Tian Shan mountains. Unlike Ashgabat, Almaty is not its country's capital.
Kopet Dag: A mountain range along parts of the border between Turkmenistan and Iran. The range rises immediately south of Ashgabat and shapes its setting.
Russian conquest of Turkmenistan: The Russian Empire's nineteenth-century military annexation of Turkmen territories. Ashgabat developed within the imperial administration established after the conquest.
Neutrality Monument: A monument in Ashgabat commemorating Turkmenistan's policy of permanent neutrality. It gives a prominent urban form to a central theme of state identity.
Cult of personality in Turkmenistan: The political glorification of Turkmenistan's leaders through state media, monuments, and public institutions. Leader-centered monuments and institutions have shaped the capital's public landscape.
Tashkent: The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. Tashkent offers a neighboring Central Asian capital with a different urban history.

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