Atheism

Atheism is the absence of belief in any gods, or the belief that no gods exist. The term covers positions that differ over whether atheism merely lacks belief or also asserts that no gods exist.

Theism: Theism is belief in the existence of at least one god. It is the belief atheism lacks or rejects.
Polytheism: Polytheism is belief in multiple gods. It contrasts with atheism through explicit belief in a plurality of gods.
Ancient Greek philosophy: Ancient Greek philosophy comprises diverse philosophical traditions that developed around the Mediterranean from the sixth century BCE onward. Some ancient arguments questioned divine providence or offered natural explanations of the world.
David Hume: David Hume was an eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher known for his skepticism about knowledge, causation, and religion. His critiques of miracles and arguments from design challenged common defenses of theism.
Problem of evil: The problem of evil asks how evil and suffering can coexist with an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good God. It is a longstanding argument against particular conceptions of a benevolent deity.
Agnosticism: Agnosticism is the view that the existence of gods is unknown or unknowable. It concerns knowledge, so it can coexist with either atheism or theism.
Pantheism: Pantheism identifies divinity with the universe or its totality. Whether pantheism counts as theism depends on what is meant by “god.”
Epicurus: Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism. His account of gods as unconcerned with human affairs challenged popular ideas of providence.
Ludwig Feuerbach: Ludwig Feuerbach was a nineteenth-century German philosopher who explained God as a projection of human qualities. His account treated religious belief as a human creation rather than knowledge of a deity.
Secular ethics: Secular ethics grounds judgments about right and wrong without relying on religious authority. It demonstrates that ethical reasoning need not depend on belief in gods.

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