Atman

Atman is the self or innermost essence in Indian philosophical traditions. Its nature ranges from an enduring spiritual self to a reality denied by Buddhist teachings.

Anatta: Anatta is the Buddhist teaching that no permanent, independent self exists. It directly rejects the enduring self affirmed by many accounts of Atman.
Upanishads: The Upanishads are philosophical and religious texts that form the concluding portions of the Vedas. Their teachings supply many of the earliest influential accounts of Atman.
Advaita Vedanta: Advaita Vedanta is a nondual school that teaches the ultimate identity of Atman and Brahman. It gives the most explicit account of Atman as non-different from ultimate reality.
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad: The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is an early and extensive Sanskrit Upanishad. Its dialogues include influential explorations of the self and its relation to reality.
Self-inquiry: Self-inquiry is a contemplative practice that investigates the nature of the self. Vedantic inquiry asks whether the changing body and mind exhaust what Atman is.
Anatman: Anatman is the Sanskrit term for non-self, especially in Buddhist philosophy. This term names the denial of an eternal self that sets Buddhist analysis against Atman.
Vedas: The Vedas are a collection of ancient Sanskrit texts foundational to Hindu traditions. The Upanishads, which develop ideas about Atman, are traditionally part of the Vedas.
Dvaita Vedanta: Dvaita Vedanta is a dualist school that distinguishes individual souls from God. It rejects the Advaita identity of Atman and Brahman while affirming enduring individual selves.
Chandogya Upanishad: The Chandogya Upanishad is a Sanskrit text containing teachings on ritual, knowledge, and reality. Its “That thou art” instruction became a key statement about Atman and Brahman.
Jnana Yoga: Jnana Yoga is a path of liberation through knowledge and discernment. Its central aim is knowledge of the self, often framed as realization of Atman.

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