ATP hydrolysis

ATP hydrolysis uses water to convert adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate. Under cellular conditions, the reaction can release free energy that cells couple to other processes.

Adenosine triphosphate: A nucleotide that stores and transfers chemical energy in cells. It is the reactant whose terminal phosphate group is removed during hydrolysis.
Phosphoanhydride bond: A covalent bond joining two phosphate groups through an oxygen atom. ATP hydrolysis cleaves a bond between phosphate groups, though bond cleavage alone does not explain energy release.
Myosin: A motor protein that uses ATP hydrolysis to move along actin filaments. Myosin couples ATP hydrolysis to force generation and movement.
ATP synthesis: The formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using an energy input. It runs opposite to hydrolysis and requires energy to form ATP.
Adenosine diphosphate: A nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups. It is the nucleotide product when ATP loses a phosphate group.
Water: A polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Water is a reactant that participates in ATP hydrolysis.
Sodium-potassium pump: A membrane protein that uses ATP to export sodium ions and import potassium ions. It couples ATP hydrolysis to ion transport against electrochemical gradients.
ATP-dependent ligase: An enzyme that joins molecules by coupling bond formation to ATP breakdown. Ligases illustrate how an unfavorable reaction can proceed when coupled to ATP hydrolysis.
Inorganic phosphate: A phosphate-containing ion or molecule not bound within an organic compound. It is released alongside ADP in the principal ATP hydrolysis reaction.
Chemical equilibrium: A state in which forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. Cellular ATP, ADP, and phosphate concentrations shift the reaction away from equilibrium.

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