Autonomous Region of Bougainville

An autonomous region of Papua New Guinea comprising Bougainville Island and nearby islands in the Solomon Islands archipelago. Its government operates under an autonomy arrangement while the region's political status remains subject to a process agreed with Papua New Guinea.

Bougainville Civil War: An armed conflict in Bougainville from 1988 to 1998 involving separatist forces, Papua New Guinea, and local factions. The war prompted negotiations that produced the region’s autonomy framework.
Autonomy in Bougainville: The system of self-government granted to Bougainville under Papua New Guinea’s constitution and the Bougainville Peace Agreement. It defines the region’s devolved powers and relationship with the national government.
2019 Bougainville independence referendum: A referendum in which Bougainville voters chose between greater autonomy and independence from Papua New Guinea. The vote tested the settlement’s promised route for determining Bougainville’s political future.
Bougainville Copper Limited: The company that developed and operated the Panguna copper and gold mine in Bougainville. Its mine remains central to debates over reconciliation, revenue, and reopening.
Bougainville Peace Agreement: A 2001 agreement between Papua New Guinea and Bougainville leaders establishing autonomy, weapons disposal, and a referendum process. It is the foundational settlement behind the region’s present political arrangement.
Autonomous Bougainville Government: The elected government established to exercise autonomous powers in Bougainville under Papua New Guinea’s constitution. This institution administers the region and represents it in dealings with Papua New Guinea.
Independence of Bougainville: The proposed establishment of Bougainville as a sovereign state separate from Papua New Guinea. It is the status favored by an overwhelming majority in the 2019 referendum.
Bougainville independence movement: The political movement seeking Bougainville’s separation from Papua New Guinea. The movement’s objective gained strong electoral support but remains subject to negotiations.
Buka Island: An island north of Bougainville Island and part of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. Buka became the regional government’s administrative center after the conflict.
Bougainville House of Representatives: The elected legislature of the Autonomous Bougainville Government. It makes regional laws within the powers provided by the autonomy arrangement.

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