Azerbaijan

A country in the South Caucasus, bordered by the Caspian Sea, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, Iran, and Turkey. Its exclave Nakhchivan is separated from the main territory by Armenia.

Russian Empire: A Eurasian empire that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. Its expansion into the Caucasus divided Azerbaijani lands between Russian and Persian rule.
Caspian Sea: The world’s largest inland body of water, bordered by five countries. Its offshore fields and transport routes anchor Azerbaijan’s energy economy.
Heydar Aliyev: An Azerbaijani political leader who served as president from 1993 to 2003 after leading the Soviet republic. He established the political order that his son later inherited.
Baku: The capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, located on the Caspian Sea. Its old city, oil boom architecture, and modern skyline concentrate the country’s contrasts.
Armenia: A landlocked country in the South Caucasus, west of Azerbaijan. The two states’ unresolved conflict over territory remains a defining regional divide.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic: A parliamentary republic established in 1918 and incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. It became the first modern independent Azerbaijani state before Soviet rule.
Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline: An oil pipeline carrying crude from the Caspian region through Azerbaijan and Georgia to Turkey’s Mediterranean coast. It links Azerbaijani oil fields to global markets without crossing Russia or Iran.
Ilham Aliyev: Azerbaijani politician who has served as the country’s president since 2003. His long presidency defines contemporary Azerbaijani government and foreign policy.
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: Azerbaijan’s landlocked exclave, separated from the rest of the country by Armenia. Its isolated geography gives Azerbaijan a distinctive territorial and transport challenge.
Georgia: A country in the South Caucasus, bordered by the Black Sea and the Greater Caucasus. Unlike Azerbaijan, Georgia’s main export corridors reach the Black Sea rather than the Caspian.

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